Atmospheric Stability and Instability

Atmospheric Stability and Instability Stability (or atmospheric stability) refers to airs tendency to either rise and create storms (instability), or to resist vertical movement (stability). The simplest way to understand how stability works is to imagine a parcel of air having a thin, flexible cover that allows it to expand but prevents the air inside from mixing with the surrounding air- as is true of a party balloon. Next, imagine that we take the balloon and force it up into the atmosphere. Since air pressure decreases with altitude, the balloon will relax and expand, and its temperature will therefore decrease. If the parcel were cooler than the surrounding air, it would be heavier (since cool air is denser than warm air); and if allowed to do so, it would sink back down to the ground. Air of this type is said to be stable. On the other hand, if we lifted our imaginary balloon and the air within it was warmer, and hence, less dense than its surrounding air, it would continue to rise until it reached a point where its temperature and that of its surroundings were equal. This type of air is classified as unstable. Lapse Rates: A Measure of Stability But meteorologists dont have to watch a balloons behavior every time they want to know atmospheric stability. They can arrive at the same answer simply by measuring the actual air temperature at various heights; this measure is called the environmental lapse rate (the term lapse having to do with temperatures decline). If the environmental lapse rate is steep- as is true when the air near the ground is significantly warmer than the air aloft- then one knows the atmosphere is unstable. But if the lapse rate is small, meaning theres relatively little change in temperature, its a good indication of a stable atmosphere. The most stable conditions occur during a temperature inversion when temperature increases (rather than decreases) with height. The easiest way to determine atmospheric stability at a glance is by using an atmospheric sounding. Edited by Tiffany Means.

6 Disappeared LinkedIn® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them †Part V WordPress (and RSS Feeds)

6 Disappeared LinkedIn ® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them – Part V WordPress (and RSS Feeds) The WordPress and BlogLink applications on LinkedIn used to be a reliable way to send weekly blog posts to your LinkedIn profile. All a blogger had to do was download the application and associate the blog’s RSS feed (essentially the link to your blog posts) to LinkedIn. No longer is this convenient feature available. Up until a week ago, I would have suggested a fix that entails requesting your RSS feed to be sent out automatically to your favorite LinkedIn groups, or perhaps starting a LinkedIn group so that you can send your feed to that group. Not anymore. LinkedIn has announced that as of March 15, 2013, users may no longer syndicate RSS feeds to groups through LinkedIn. The pros and cons of this move by LinkedIn have been debated. On the positive side, the elimination of RSS feeds to groups means less potential for spamming. A real person has to go in and post an article, potentially stemming the increasingly overwhelming flow of posts to LinkedIn groups. On the other hand, much of this automated content provides valuable information to group members and spurs conversation and debate. Will the richness of group conversations be diminished without the convenience of automated posting? Time will tell †¦ In the meantime, the question remains: How can you send your value-rich content to your LinkedIn groups? One place to look is the LinkedIn Help topic, Anyone have a workaround for the elimination of RSS feeds in groups? Here are some ideas: 1. Post discussions manually to your LinkedIn groups. Manual posting of articles is a technique I have been utilizing all along, and I believe it provides value to my groups and provides me with visibility. I don’t just post the link to a useful article – I post the entire article so that people don’t have to work too hard to read the content. If you post an article to a group, it helps to ask a question to spur discussion, rather than simply post the article. By simply sticking an article on the discussion page, you risk appearing â€Å"spammy† and are less likely to generate worthwhile conversations about your topic. 2. Use HootSuite to post blog entries to your Activity Updates. The HootSuite option requires establishing a HootSuite account if you don’t have one already. After logging in to HootSuite, hover over the launch bar on the left side of your account. Click on Settings RSS/Atom: Click the + sign to add a new feed. You might need to upgrade to a paid account ($5.99/month) to use this feature. Paste your feed URL in the field provided. Then select the social sites you would like the feed to post to. Edit any other preferred options and Save Feed. 3. Post manually to Activity Updates. A simple, free way to share blog articles is to post the link individually to your Activity Updates. If you blog once/week this solution might be the best one for you. You can add links from either your LinkedIn home page or the Activity bar on your profile. You then have the option of sharing the update on LinkedIn and Twitter. Home page image: Profile Activity bar image: Any blog article links you add will appear on your profile in your Activity section (the top section of the profile). Your updates will also appear in LinkedIn Signal, which is a running account of all LinkedIn updates that can be found under the News menu. Here’s a sample: 4. Post your blog under your Publications section. Add the Publications section to your profile if you dont have it already. Then post a live URL that links directly to your blog for anyone who wants to take a look! Do you have more ideas of how to replace the WordPress application or the group RSS feeds? Please share below! If you want more tips on the effective use of LinkedIn, you might like How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, the #1 best-selling e-book by Brenda Bernstein! Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 25, 2013

British Cinema and Industry 1980 and Present Essay

British Cinema and Industry 1980 and Present - Essay Example General audiences usually enjoy repetitions of elements that they can recognise from their experience of movie watching along with certain amount of novelty. This paper focuses on the characteristics of British cinema from 1980s to the present. British cinema: genres and themes British cinema is known for distinguished genre and themes that separate it from other national cinemas. There are few Western movies made in the United Kingdom for obvious reasons. British cinema works on putting their own distinctive mark on existing genres and is always inventing new genres and themes. Many British comedy movies have their origin in the era of silent movies when the comedy was slapstick. The British documentary movies have their roots in the 1890s although they have taken their current form in the 1930s . Adaptations from literature have always formed major themes in many British movies. In the 1980s, classic novels almost gave rise to a virtual film industry. This is because such themes an d styles were adored by the audiences. Even today classic adaptations remain high in demand, although contemporary writers are also making their mark in the British film industry. The British film industry was going through an ailing period in the 1980s. The industry was not embraced by the Thatcher administration. The Conservative government did not extend any support to the industry and saw cinema as a â€Å"commercial enterprise which would need to sink or swim on its own†.Margaret Thatcher treated the film industry indifferently and her government passed a Bill in the 1984-85 that abolished a previous law that allowed a percentage of box-office receipts to be invested in the British film industry. ... treated the film industry indifferently and her government passed a Bill in the 1984-85 that abolished a previous law that allowed a percentage of box-office receipts to be invested in the British film industry. The government also abolished the 25 percent tax benefit of film investors. This encouraged the filmmakers to take more economic risks and experience with new innovations. The culture created by Thatcher became implicit or explicit themes in many popular movies of this era (Friedman, 2006, pp.21-22). 1980s was an era of realism in the British film industry and most themes were based on realistic social matters. During this period British filmmakers found specific ways to portray the social problems and matters which they viewed as â€Å"contemporary reality†. Such filmmakers were more often not concerned with the aesthetic depiction of matters concerned with reality. Any issues that concerned the society were reflected and amplified in the movies in the way they were r ecognised by the socially aware filmmakers. In the 1980s, many films were made to reflect the realistic conditions of the working class in Britain. The British film director Derek Jarman saw Britain as a country where morals have perished. He made films like Britannia Hospital (1982) and The Last of England (1987) which reflected the real issues of the prevailing social structure. Although 1980s saw racial riots in parts of London, few movies were concerned with issues relating to racism. One major exception was the documentary movie Handsworth Songs (1986). Unlike the previous decades when women were portrayed only as objects of desire, 1980s was also an era when British movies depicted â€Å"strong female protagonists†. These movies reflected the rising position of women in the British society

Olmstead vs. United States Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Olmstead vs. United States - Term Paper Example As the conversation obtained from such wiretaps was the evidence to decide this case and other similar cases like Green, Mcinnis and several others vs. United States, individually. All convicts were convicted on the same charges based on wiretap-recorded conversation. Based on this, the defendants were charged for violating National Prohibition Act by selling or importing as well as processing illegal liquors. However, as there was no approval for the installation of wiretaps in any of such cases, the evidence based on obtaining record of conversation from such illegally installed wiretaps was debatable and under question.........................(1) Evidence was obtained from the use of private telephone conversation as disclosed by the wiretaps, illegally installed. The question was put before the court if the use of such conversation as any evidence violates the recorded party’s rights under the Fourth and Fifth amendments of the constitution. While the court had a clear answer to the above question as a plain â€Å"NO†; it laid importance on the nature of conversation and not how it was obtained. The court further ruled that since none of the defendants was illegally forced to conduct those conversations. Therefore, the court upheld that there can be no evidence of any violation of their Fifth Amendment protection against self incrimination, while maintaining that the conversations were made voluntarily throughout. Whereby the Fourth Amendment meaning refers to the search and seizure or arrest without warrant, the court ruled that in these cases no such action was present. Therefore, the court upheld that none of the evidences presented violated any rights of the defendants under the fourth amendment, as well. Moreover, there was no physical examination of any papers, any substantial, material effects or the home searches etc., involved in any of these cases. The

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Lab Report Example Consequently, there was need for compiling this towards calculating the maximum height fled by the model. In order to achieve the above objectives, the following equation for projectile motion was inherent. In the field of engineering, involving study of lift, thrust, gravity and even thrust, there is a great deal for considering this study. This experiment is important in engineering field especially where there is need to improve the design and reliability of air travel. It enables the study of lift required for the planes to fly thereby allowing the aerospace engineers to guide for a safe landing. In aerospace engineering, there is need for the engineers to have adequate knowledge of rocketry concept; otherwise, they would experience challenges when trying to launch either rockets or satellites for a safe landing. Predicting how high a model rocket fly is one of the integral concepts required when exploring rocketry concept, to help the engineers in guiding the rocket for a safe landing. For this rocket model, the results show that the time taken to reach the maximum height was 17.33 seconds while the maximum flight time was 34.66. The determination of the time required to reach the maximum height made it easy to use the projectile motion equation (Post 377). The velocity imparted by the machine was already known as 170 m/s. This speed is same for all rockets regardless of the launch angle because they are necessarily pressurized chambers. As it is in every projectile motion, the horizontal velocity remains constant as shown in the model drawn below. The graph obtained from the results also supports the fact that launching a model rocket assumes a projectile motion as shown in the similarity between the two. Getting the maximum time taken helped in solving for the maximum height, through assistance of the projectile motion equation. The height calculated was 1472.99 meters. Slight errors resulting from this

Non-pharmacological Pain Relief Intervention in Labour

Non-pharmacological Pain Relief Intervention in Labour CHAPTER – II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is an important step in the development of any research project. This chapter deals with the information collected with relevant to the present study through the published and unpublished materials. These publications were the foundation to carry out the research work. This helps the investigator to analyze what is already known about the topic and to describe the methods of inquiry. Research literatures are reviewed under the following headings: A: Literature related to non-pharmacological pain relief intervention. B: Literature related to back massage as a complementary therapy for pain management in labour. A: Literature related to non-pharmacological pain relief intervention. Davim, Torres Dantas (2009) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of non- pharmacological strategies to relieve pain in parturient in labour. This is before and after therapeutic intervention clinical trial, performed with 100 parturients applying breathing exercise, muscle relaxation, lumbosacral massage and shower. A visual analogue scale was used for data collection. Oxytocin was administered in 81% of cases, but 15% did not receive any medication. A significant difference was observed in pain relief after using non- pharmacological strategies, showing reduced pain as cervical dilatation increased. Penny April (2004) The control of labour pain and prevention of suffering are major concerns of clinicians and their clients. Nonpharmacologic approaches toward these goals are consistent with midwifery management and the choices of many women. They undertook a literature search of scientific articles cataloged in CINAHL, PUBMED, the Cochrane Library, and AMED databases relating to the effectiveness of 13 non-pharmacologic methods used to relieve pain and reduce suffering in labour. Acupuncture Acupuncture, an important and ancient component of traditional Chinese medicine, is gradually being integrated with conventional medicine in the West. Acupuncture is believed to initiate, control, or accelerate physiologic functions, and thus, correct organ malfunctions, heal illnesses, or relieve discomforting symptoms through insertion of fine needles into the skin at a combination of specific points along meridians (channels of energy, called Qi, pronounced chee) in the body, followed by rotation, heating, or electrical stimulation (electro-acupuncture) of the needles. Smith, Collins, Cyna, Crowther (2006)A systematic review of acupuncture for pain relief in labor reported that acupuncture was associated with a trend toward less use of pharmacological analgesia (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49-1.00) .Compared to controls who had no or sham acupuncture, women who underwent acupuncture were more relaxed and used less pharmacological pain relief, but did not have lower pain intensity scores. Maternal satisfaction was high among all the women in both the acupuncture and control groups. Acupressure Acupressure, or Shiatsu, a simpler alternative to acupuncture, is pressure with fingers or small beads at acupuncture points. Chung, Hung, Kuo Huang (2003). A study to determine L14 and BL67 acupressure on labour pain during first stage of labour .A total of 127 parturient were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group received only one of the following treatments: L14 and BL67 acupressure, light skin stroking or no treatment. There was a significant difference in labour pain in the first group compared with the two others. Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the science of using highly concentrated essential oils or essences distilled from plants in order to utilize their therapeutic properties . Abbaspoor and Mohammadkhani (2013) The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy massage with Lavender oil. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that was conducted in 2008 Tehran, Iran. The subjects included N=60 primiparous women in 38–42 week gestational age, who were expected to have a normal delivery. They were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received only massage (n=30) and the second group received aromatherapy massage with Lavender oil (n=30). The intensity of pain was measured with the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results showed that pain intensity before and after intervention were significantly lower in the lavender aromatherapy massage group in the latent and active phase, and they had a lower duration of first and second stage of labour. Reeja Mariam Joseph Philomena Fernandes(2013) The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of jasmine oil massage on labour pain during first stage of labour among 40 primigravida women. The study design adopted was true experimental approach with pre-test post-test control group design. The demographic Proforma were collected from the women by interview and Visual analogue scale was used to measure the level of labour pain in both the groups. Data obtained in these areas were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. A significant difference was found in the experimental group( t 9.869 , p0.05) and the post-test (t 11.75, p Breathing exercises Kamalifard et al.,(2000) A quasi-experimental study was conducted for 42 mothers selected randomly divided into two groups of massage 2 and breathing 2. The breathing groups employed the techniques during the first or second stage of labour at 4, 6, 8 and 10 centimeter of dilatation for 30 minutes. The intensity of pain was measured by a numerical rating scale (NRS) 30 minutes after determining dilatation. The ERA performed massaging at the same dilatations for M1 and M2 groups. Massage at 4 and 6 cm dilatations and breathing at most dilatations decreased pain scores significantly. The choosing of one or both methods for labour pain relief and decreasing caesarean section rate is suggested. Hydrotherapy Hydrotherapy is an effective, alternative intervention that can be used by care providers as a nonpharmacological pain relief method to help labouring women cope with labour. A wide variety of pain relief measures are available to women in labour. Entisar Manal (2012) This study assessed nurses knowledge about the use of hydrotherapy as a Nonpharmacologic pain-relief techniques during labour and identify the barriers of hydrotherapy to be used in Womens Health Center, Egypt. A descriptive study design was utilized in this study. The 120 nurses who works in obstetrics department. They showed that approximately three quarter (73.3%) of the participant nurses knowl-edge were adequate, while (26.7) of nurses had inadequate knowledge about the use of hydrotherapy in labour. Nurses encounter that hospital policy (100%) followed by environ-mental factors (52%) are the major barriers to the use of hydrotherapy in labour. Effort required for hydrotherapy (48%) and human resources (41%) are indicated to be equivalent barrier of the use of hydrotherapy in labour. Their knowledge represented (26.7%) and not considered to be a major contributing barrier to the use of hydrotherapy during labour. Hypnosis Cyna, McAuliffe Andrew (2004) They examined the evidence regarding the effects of hypnosis for pain relief during childbirth. Five RCTs and 14 non-randomized comparisons (NRCs) studying 8395 women were identified where hypnosis was used for labour analgesia. Four RCTs including 224patients examined the primary outcomes of interest. One RCT rated poor on quality assessment. Meta-analyses of the three remaining RCTs showed that, compared with controls, fewer parturients having hypnosis required analgesia, relative risk=0.51 (95% confidence interval 0.28, 0.95). Of the two included NRCs, one showed that women using hypnosis rated their labour pain less severe than controls (P Music therapy Phumdoung Good (2003) A randomized controlled trial of 110 primiparous women in active phase of labour were assigned to soft music group for 3hrs (n=55) or a control group (n=55). Dual VAS were used to measure pain before starting the study and every 3 hrs. The results indicate that music group women had significantly less pain sensation(p Position DeClercq et al., (2006) A national survey of childbearing experiences in the United States in 2005 reported that after admission to the hospital, most women (76 percent) did not walk around. This percentage was slightly higher than in a similar survey conducted three years earlier. At that time, the most common reason the women gave for not walking was that they were connected to things (67percent), unable to support self due to pain medication (32 percent), and told not to walk around (28 percent). However, 58 to 60 percent of the women did report changing positions to relieve pain during labour. Yoga Chuntharapat et al.,(2008) A randomized trial was conducted using 74-primigravid Thai women who were equally divided into two groups (experimental and control). The yoga program involved six, 1-h sessions at prescribed weeks of gestation. The experimental group was found to have higher levels of maternal comfort during labour and 2 h post-labour, and experienced less subject evaluated labour pain than the control group. In each group, pain increased and maternal comfort decreased as labour progressed. The experimental group was found to have a shorter duration of the first stage of labour, as well as the total time of labour. B: Literature related to back massage as a complementary therapy for pain management in labour. Patricia, Farah Paula (2012) A study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of massage therapy in managing labour pain among women in active labour. A randomized controlled trial in Vancouver of 77 healthy nulliparous women presenting in spontaneous labour, upto 5 hours the massage therapy was given. The mean cervical dilataion at the time of epidural insertion was 5.9cm(95% CI 5.2-6.7) compared to 4.9 in the control group. (95% CI 4.2-5.8) scores on the McGrill pain scale were consistently lower in the massage therapy group (13.3 vs 15.8 at 5-6cm 19.4 vs 28.3 at 7.8cm) although these differences were not satisfically significant. Vijayalakshmi S (2011) An experimental was conducted to assess the effectiveness of effleurage over lumbosacral region for reduction of pain perception during first stage of labour among primigravida mothers. The study samples were 60 primigravida mothers (30 in experimental group 30 in control group). The samples were selected using lottery method comes under probability simple random sampling technique. A combined numerical categorical scale was used to assess the level of pain perception among primigravida mothers during first stage of labour. The findings revealed that marked decrease in mean value from 3.43 in pre assessment level to 2.30 in post assessment level and the improvement mean was 2.86 and SD was 0.27 in experimental group. Umarani (2010) conducted a quasi experimental pretest posttest control group design to assess the effectiveness of back massage during the first stage of labour among primigravida mothers. 30 primigravida mothers were taken and assigned for experimental and control group equally. Pain perception was measured by using 0-10 numerical pain intensity scale. 20 minutes back massage was given to the experimental group after the 3cm cervical dilatation, when contractions started. Control group was allowed to follow the conventional method. The results showed that there was a significant reduction on pain perception of 2.2 than 3.6 in control group. D’souza (2010) conducted a study on effectiveness of ice massage (acupressure L14) for the reduction of labour pain among intranatal women. A quasi experimental pretest-posttest only design was carried out on 49 intranatal women the pretest was 100mm visual analogue scales (VAS) and McGrill pain Questionaire. In the experimental group the mean posttest pain score (2.1) which is significantly lower than the mean pretest score (5.0) with a mean difference of (2.9).The calculated value(11.588) was more than the table value (2.093,p Zahrani (2008). This study has been conducted to determine the effects of massage on intensity of pain during the first stage of labour in primiparous women who have attended Isfahan Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2005. In this randomize clinical trial, a total of 75 primiparous women in 38-42 week of low risk pregnancy were randomly divided in 3 groups. First group received 20 minutes of back effleurage massage at the periods of 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, 8-10 cm, cervical dilation. An emotional support was offered for second group in the same duration of time and the same cervical dilation. Third group just received routine care during labour. In all groups, pregnant women were asked to evaluate their severity of pain before and after intervention. Data being obtained through the visual analogue scale, check list and inspection form. Results: Study result demonstrated that intensity of pain was significantly lower in massage group (p Refined olive oil is obtained from virgin olive oils by refining methods, which do not lead to alterations in the initial glyceridic structure. It has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.3 grams per 100 grams (0.3%) and its other characteristics correspond to those fixed for this category in this standard. The medicinal use of olive oil is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase similar to classical NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Fifty grams of extra virgin olive oil is equivalent to about the tenth of a dose of ibuprofen. Health benefits of olive oil are analgesia, Oil massage, bone growth, decreased aging, and decreased cardiovascular problems. Jeyalakshmi, Latha Venkatesan, Jamuna (2008) conducted a study on effectiveness of olive oil massage therapy upon low back pain of parturient mothers in the first stage of labour at Andhra mahila sabha,Chennai. 60 mothers were randomly selected for experimental and control group. Before and after massage therapy low back pain and feto maternal parameter was assessed in both groups. In experimental group 100% of them experienced moderate level of pain after massage therapy. The mean and standard deviation of low back pain score of the control group were high in comparison with olive oil therapy group (p=0.001). Kuhn (2004) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of massage therapy on depressed pregnant women. 84 depressed pregnant women were recruited during the second trimester of pregnancy and randomly assigned to a massage therapy group and control group that received standard prenatal care alone. These groups were compared to each other. The massage therapy was for 20 minutes for 2 sessions by their significant other each week for 16 weeks of pregnancy. Immediately after the massage therapy sessions on the first and last days the woman reported lower levels of anxiety and depressed mood and less leg and back pain and also the massage group had higher dopamine and serotonin levels and lower levels of cortisol and norepinephrine. Chang, Wang, Chen,(2002) The third trial randomly assigned 60 women to receive massage or usual care. Massage was performed three times, once during each phase of the first stage of labour (latent, active and transition) and lasted for 30 minutes in each phase. Pain intensity was rated by a nurse observing each womans manifestations of pain using a present behavioral intensity (PBI) scale. Anxiety was measured using a visual analogue scale for anxiety (VASA). Although pain intensity increased steadily through progressing phases of labor, the massage group had significantly lower pain intensity scores at each phase of labor (0.73 versus 1.30 in latent, 1.73 versus 2.17 in active, and 2.17 versus 2.87 in transition phases). Anxiety levels were significantly lower in the massage group only during the latent phase (37.2 versus 53.5 on a 100 point scale). Eighty-seven percent of the women in the massage group reported that the massage was helpful in providing pain relief and psychological support. Field et al., (1999) A study which involved 26 pregnant women were assigned to massage or relaxation therapy group for five weeks. The therapies consisted of 20 minute session twice a weeks. MANOVAs and ANOVAs were conducted for repeated measures. A significant group by pre-post session MANOVA, F(4,21) = 2.86;p

Alternative Fuels to Oil Essay -- energy oil power ethanol biodiesel h

Recently alternative fuels have been gaining popularity, especially here in the United States. The advantages of many of these fuels are being recognized with the rising cost of crude oil. Other countries around the world have been using alternative fuels for years, such as in Brazil where they have good feedstock for some fuels such as ethanol. Biofuels are also becoming cost effective with higher crude oil prices and can be completely renewable. The best thing about many of these alternative fuels is they can be readily used in standard internal combustion engines with little or no modification. The list of alternative fuels can go on forever, but some of the most common and readily adaptable fuels are: ethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen. Of course these fuels all have their drawbacks, but so do petroleum based fuels, we have just engineered around some of the disadvantages. The same thing can be done with these alternative fuels; engineer around the disadvantages. Most of these fuels do not release new carbon into the atmosphere which is a good thing, we don't need any extra carbon in the carbon cycle. The following pages explain what some of these more common fuels are as well as some advantages and disadvantages of each. Ethanol is a common fuel that can be produced from many different crops, for example corn is a common feedstock for ethanol production here in the United States. Other countries around the world produce large amounts of ethanol to power many of their vehicles. For example Brazil has a perfect climate to grow sugarcane, which is a great feedstock for ethanol. As a result many of their cars run on pure ethanol. Here in the United States you have probably heard of Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV's) which are ... ...ever with the current technologies the most economical way to produce hydrogen is by using fossil fuels. To produce hydrogen by electrolysis a current is applied to water to seperate the hydrogen molecules from the oxygen. This process is actually pretty energy efficient, from about 50-75% efficient with theoretical efficiencies from 80-94% (Electrolysis-Wikipedia). What is the best way to transport hydrogen? Because it is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, large high pressure tanks are required to transport it. This can present some safety and widescale distribution issues. Another way to utilize hydrogen gas on vehicles is with fuel cells. These cells will convert hydrogen gas into electrical energy that can be used to drive the car. With our current fuel cell technology they have a relatively short lifetime and are expensive (Fuel Cell-Wikipedia).